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Contents.Early life and career Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912 and belonged to a which had produced several distinguished generals, including Nikephoros' father, brother, and grandfather, who had all served as commanders of the field army ( ). His mother, whose name is unknown, was a member of another powerful Anatolian Greek clan, the. Early in his life Nikephoros had married Stephano. She had died before he rose to fame, and after her death he took an oath of chastity.Early Eastern Campaigns Nikephoros joined the army at an early age.

He was appointed the military governor of the in 945 under Emperor. In 954 or 955, Nikephoros replaced his father, as, who consistently and disastrously lost battle after battle both to the and to the, essentially taking charge of the eastern Byzantine army.

From 955, the Hamdanids in entered a period of unbroken decline until their destruction in 1002. In June 957 Nikephoros managed to capture and destroy. The Byzantines would continue to push their advantage against the Arabs until the collapse of the Hamdanids, however, from 960-961, the army turned its focus to the.Conquest of Crete. Depiction of the by Phokas, winter 960-61From the ascension of Emperor in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies respectively. In 960, 27,000 and were assembled to man a fleet of 308 ships carrying 50,000. At the recommendation of the influential minister, Nikephoros was entrusted to lead this expedition against the Muslim.

Nikephoros successfully led his fleet to the island and defeated a minor Arab force upon disembarkation near Almyros. He soon began a nine-month siege of the fortress town of. Following a failed assault and many raids into the countryside, Nikephoros entered on 6 March 961 and soon wrested control of the entire island from the Muslims Arabs.

Upon returning to Constantinople, he was denied the usual honor of a, permitted only a mere ovation in the. Later Eastern Campaigns Following the conquest of, Nikephoros soon returned to the east with a large and well-equipped army and almost immediately marched into. In February 962, he captured, while the major city of ceased to recognize the Hamdanid Emir of,. Nikephorus continued to ravage the Cilician countryside, defeating the governor of Tarsus, in open battle; al-Zayyat later committed suicide on account of the loss. He soon returned to the regional capital of. Upon the beginning of the new campaigning season, al-Dawla entered the Byzantine Empire and began to conduct raids.

This strategy, however, would prove fatal for him, as it left Aleppo dangerously undefended. Nikephoros soon took the city of. In December, an army split between Nikephoros and marched towards Aleppo, quickly routing an opposing force led. Al-Dawla's force caught up with the Byzantines, but he too was routed, and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes entered Aleppo on December 24. The loss of the city would prove to be both a strategic and moral disaster for the Hamdanids. It was probably on these campaigns that Nikephoros earned the sobriquet, 'The Pale Death of the Saracens'. During the capture of Aleppo, the Byzantine army took possession of 390,000, 2,000, and 1,400.Accession to the throne On 15 March 963, Emperor Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six of uncertain cause.

Both contemporary sources and later historians seem to either believe that the young Emperor had exhausted his health with the excesses of his sexual life and his heavy drinking, or suspect that the Empress (c. 941–after 976), his wife, poisoned him. Theophano had already gained a reputation as an intelligent and ambitious woman. Unfavorable accounts of her by later historians would characterize her as a woman known for ruthlessness in achieving her goals. Romanos had already crowned as co-emperors his two sons. At the time that Romanos died, however, Basil was five years old and Constantine only three years old, so Theophano was named regent.Theophano, however, was not allowed to rule alone., the palace official who had become Romanos' chief councilor, maintained his position. According to contemporary sources he intended to keep authority in his own hands.

He also tried to reduce the power of Nikephoros Phokas. The victorious general had been accepted as the actual commander of the army and maintained a strong connection to the aristocracy. Bringas was afraid that Nikephoros would attempt to claim the throne with the support of both the army and the aristocracy. This is exactly what he did.

On July 2 in Caesarea, his armies, in coalition with his highest-ranking officers in his favor, proclaimed Nikephoros emperor. From his position in Caesarea, and in advance of the news of his proclamation as emperor, Nikephoros sent a fleet to secure the against his enemies. Around the same time, he appointed Tzimiskes as Domestic of the East, now taking on the formal roles of emperor. He then sent a letter to requesting to be accepted as co-emperor. In response, Bringas locked down the city, forcing Nikephoros' father to seek sanctuary in the, while his brother escaped the city in disguise.

Bringas was able to garner some support within the city from a few high-ranking officers, namely, but he himself was not a skilled orator, and he was unable to attain the support of other popular officials such as the Patriarch and the general. The people of Constantinople soon turned against his cause, killing Argyros in a riot and soon forcing Bringas to flee. On August 16, Nikephoros was proclaimed emperor and married the empress Theophano. Nikephoros' entry into Constantinople as Emperor through the in summer 963 Reign Western Wars Nikephoros II was less successful in his western wars.

Under his reign, relations with the worsened. It is likely that he bribed the to perform a raid on the Bulgarians in retaliation for them not blocking raids. This breach in relations instigated a decades-long decline in Byzantine-Bulgarian diplomacy and was a precursor for the wars fought between the Bulgarians and later Byzantine emperors, namely.Nikephoros' first military failures would come in. In 962 the son of the governor of, captured and reduced the city of, one of the last Byzantine strongholds on the island. The last major Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, soon appealed to the newly crowned emperor Nikephoros for aid against the approaching Muslim armies.

Nikephoros soon renounced his payments of tribute to the, and sent a huge fleet, purportedly boasting a size of around 40,000 men, under and, to the island. The Byzantine forces, however, were swiftly routed in Rometta and at the, and Rometta soon fell to the Muslims, completing the Islamic conquest of Sicily.In 967, the Byzantines and the Fatimids hastily concluded a peace treaty with the goal of the cessation of hostilities in Sicily. Both empires had grander issues to attend to: the Fatimids were preparing to invade, and tensions were flaring up on mainland Italy between the Byzantines and the German emperor. Tensions between the Germans and the Byzantines were consistently inflamed throughout the overlap of the two empires. This was largely due to mutual cultural biases, but also to the fact that both the Germans and the Byzantines laid claim to be the successors of. Conflicts in southern Italy were preceded by religious contests between the two empires and by the malicious writings of.

Otto first invaded Byzantine in 968 and failed in an attempt to take. Early the next year, he once again attempted to move against Byzantine Apulia and, but, failing to capture or, failed to make any progress. In May he returned north, leaving to take charge of the siege.

However, he was quickly routed by the Byzantine general and taken captive in Constantinople. Eugenios went on to besiege and enter.

The two empires would continue to make skirmishes with the other until after the reign of Nikephoros, but neither side was able to make permanent or significant gains.Eastern Wars. Main article:From 964 to 965, Nikephoros led an army of 40,000 men which conquered Cilicia and conducted raids in and, while the patrician recovered. In the spring of 964, Nikephorus headed east. During the summer he captured and before withdrawing. Later that year Nikephoros attempted to quickly take, but failed, returning to Caesarea. It was around this time that instigated a coup on, which at the time was a shared condominium between the Byzantines and the Arabs. In the summer of 965, the conquest of Cilicia began in earnest.

Nikephorus and Tzimiskes seized Mopsuestia July 13, while invested and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes arrived soon after. Nikephoros won a pitched battle against the Tarsiots, routing their forces with his 'ironclad horsemen', referencing the Byzantine cataphracts. Within a fortnight, Tarsus surrendered on August 16th to Nikephoros who allowed the inhabitants to leave the city unharmed but plundered the city. With the fall of these two strongholds, Cilicia was in the hands of the Byzantines.In 967 or 968, Nikephoros annexed the Armenian state of Taron by diplomacy. In 968, Nikephoros conducted a raid which reached the city of Tripoli, raiding and sacking most of the fortresses along his path.

His aim was to cut off Antioch from its allies: the city was unsuccessfully blockaded two times in 966 and 968, and so the emperor decided to take it by hunger (so as not to damage to city) and left a detachment (a taxiarchy) of 1500 men in the fort of Baghras, which lies on the road from Antioch to Alexandretta. The commander of the fort, the patrikios, disobeyed the emperor's orders and took Antioch with a surprise attack, supported by the troops of the stratopedarch Petros, eunuch of the Phokas family. Bourtzes was disgraced for his insubordination, and later joined the plot that killed Phokas.Civil administration. Nikephoros II (at right) and his stepson Basil IINikephoros' popularity was largely based on his conquests. Due to the resources he allocated to his army, Nikephoros was compelled to exercise a rigid economic policy in other departments. He retrenched court largess and curtailed the immunities of the clergy, and while he had an disposition, he forbade the foundation of new.

By his heavy imposts and the debasement of the, along with the enforcement and implementation of taxes across the centralized regions of the empire, he forfeited his popularity with the people and gave rise to riots.Nikephoros also disagreed with the church on theological grounds. He wished the church to elevate those soldiers who died in battle against the Saracens to the positions of martyrs in the church, a highly controversial and unpopular demand.In 967 he sparked a controversy in the capital by making a display of his military maneuvers in the similar in style to those displayed by the emperor centuries earlier preceding the and its violent suppression within the stadium itself. The crowd within the Hippodrome panicked and began a stampede to retreat from the stadium, resulting in numerous deaths.Nikephoros was the author of extant treatises on military tactics, most famously the, which contains valuable information concerning the art of war in his time, and the less-known On Skirmishing (Περὶ Παραδρομῆς Πολέμου in the original Greek), which concerned guerrilla-like tactics for defense against a superior enemy invasion force — though it is likely that this latter work, at least, was not composed by the Emperor but rather for him: translator and editor George T. Dennis suggests that it was perhaps written by his brother Leo Phokas, then Domestic of the West.

Nikephoros was a very devout man, and he helped his friend, the, found the monastery of on.Death The plot to assassinate Nikephoros began when he dismissed from his position following his disobedience in the siege of Antioch. Bourtzes was disgraced, and he would soon find an ally with whom to plot against Nikephoros. Towards the end of 965, Nikephoros had John Tzimiskes exiled to eastern Asia Minor for suspected disloyalty, but was recalled on the pleading of Nikephoros' wife,. According to and, Nikephoros had a loveless relationship with Theophano. He was leading an ascetic life, whereas she was secretly having an affair with Tzimiskes.

Theophano and Tzimiskes plotted to overthrow the emperor. On the night of the deed, she left Nikephoros' bedchamber door unlocked, and he was assassinated in his apartment by Tzimiskes and his entourage on December 11, 969. (whole empire). (East) and (West). (East) and (West) with (East) and (West) as Caesares. (East) and (West) with (West) and (East) as Caesares.

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